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<title>Australopithecus anamensis</title>
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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><i>Australopithecus anamensis</i></span>
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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Australopithecus anamensis</i><br><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: </div>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Reconstructed skull at the <a href="Cleveland_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Cleveland Museum of Natural History">Cleveland Museum of Natural History</a>
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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class=" taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></span>
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<td>Kingdom:
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<td><a href="Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>
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<td>Phylum:
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<td><a href="Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a>
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<td>Class:
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<td><a href="Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a>
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<td>Order:
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<td><a href="Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a>
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<td>Suborder:
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<td><a href="Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a>
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<td>Infraorder:
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<td><a href="Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a>
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<td>Family:
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<td><a href="Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a>
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<td>Subfamily:
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<td><a href="Homininae" title="Homininae">Homininae</a>
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<td>Tribe:
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<td><a href="Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a>
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<td>Genus:
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<td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus"><i>Australopithecus</i></a>
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<td>Species:
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<td><div style="display:inline" class="species">†<i><b>A. anamensis</b></i></div>
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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;">†</span><i>Australopithecus anamensis</i></span></b><br><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="Meave_Leakey" title="Meave Leakey">M.G. Leakey</a> et al., 1995</div>
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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a>
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<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Praeanthropus" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeanthropus">Praeanthropus</a> anamensis</i> <small></small></li></ul>
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<p><i><b>Australopithecus anamensis</b></i> is a <a href="Hominin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominin">hominin</a> <a href="Species" title="Species">species</a> that lived roughly between 4.3 and 3.8 million years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the oldest known <i><a href="Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i> species.<sup id="cite_ref-Haile-Selassie2010c_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haile-Selassie2010c-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Nearly 100 <a href="Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> specimens of <i>A. anamensis</i> are known from <a href="Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a><sup id="cite_ref-M._G._Leakey,_C._S._Feibel,_I._MacDougall_&_A._Walker_565–571_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M._G._Leakey,_C._S._Feibel,_I._MacDougall_&_A._Walker_565–571-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leakey_et_al.,_1998_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leakey_et_al.,_1998-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-WhiteEtal2006nature04629_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhiteEtal2006nature04629-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> representing over 20 individuals. The first fossils of <i>A. anamensis</i> discovered are dated to around 3.8 and 4.2 million years ago and were found in Kanapoi and Allia Bay in northern Kenya.<sup id="cite_ref-:023_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:023-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><i><a href="Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">A. afarensis</a></i> is normally accepted to have emerged within this lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-Kimbel_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kimbel-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <i>A. anamensis</i> and <i>A. afarensis</i> appear to have lived side-by-side for at least some period of time, and whether the lineage that led to extant humans emerged in <i>A. afarensis</i>, or directly in <i>A. anamensis</i> is not fully settled.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature573pp214-219_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature573pp214-219-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Price_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Fossil evidence determines that <i>Australopithecus anamensis</i> is the earliest hominin species in the <a href="Turkana_Basin" title="Turkana Basin">Turkana Basin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pnas.org_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pnas.org-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but likely co-existed with <i>afarensis</i> towards the end of its existence.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature573pp214-219_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature573pp214-219-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TC-20190904_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TC-20190904-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>A. anamensis</i> and <i>A. afarensis</i> may be treated as a single grouping.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Preliminary analysis of the sole upper <a href="Skull" title="Skull">cranial</a> fossil indicates <i>A. anamensis</i> had a smaller cranial capacity (estimated 365-370 <a href="Brain_size#Cranial_capacity" title="Brain size">cm<sup>3</sup></a>) than <i>A. afarensis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature573pp214-219_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature573pp214-219-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</style><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="Miocene" title="Miocene"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Miocene</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#f1c309;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:12.900em;height:13.765em;left:0.000em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:-0.1em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.883em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><b><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#c1e0c1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.058em;height:12.841em;left:0.000em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.75em;left:-0.1em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.421em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><b><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:14.000em;height:36.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-6.7em;left:-0.3em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-18.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><span style="font-size:120%"><b><a href="Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a></b></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:48.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0.1em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:46.500em;height:1.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0.6em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.500em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Samburupithecus" title="Samburupithecus">Samburupithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:44.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0.2em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Ouranopithecus" title="Ouranopithecus">Ouranopithecus</a></span></i><br><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="Ouranopithecus_turkae" title="Ouranopithecus turkae">Ou. turkae</a>)</i><br><i>(<a href="Ouranopithecus_macedoniensis" title="Ouranopithecus macedoniensis">Ou. macedoniensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:39.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.1em;left:0.4em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Chororapithecus" title="Chororapithecus">Chororapithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:35.000em;height:10.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-1.75em;left:-0.2em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-5.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Oreopithecus" title="Oreopithecus">Oreopithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:39.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.75em;left:-0.4em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Sivapithecus" title="Sivapithecus">Sivapithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:34.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0.3em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:34.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:2em;left:0.3em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Graecopithecus" title="Graecopithecus">Graecopithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:29.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:-1.5em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:29.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:2.5em;left:0.15em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="Orrorin" title="Orrorin">O. praegens</a>)</i><br><i>(<a href="Orrorin" title="Orrorin">O. tugenensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:22.000em;height:6.850em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-3.75em;left:-0.3em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.425em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></span></b></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:27.700em;height:1.150em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.75em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.575em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">Ar. kadabba</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:21.500em;height:1.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.500em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">Ar. ramidus</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:6.000em;height:16.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:3em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-8.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></span></b></i><br><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">Au. africanus</a>)</i><br><i>(<a href="Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">Au. afarensis</a>)</i><br><i>()</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#DCEEFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:8.250em;height:5.750em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.9em;left:-0.5em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.875em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">H. habilis</a></span></b></i><br><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="Homo_rudolfensis" title="Homo rudolfensis">H. rudolfensis</a>)</i><br><i>(<a href="Australopithecus_garhi" title="Australopithecus garhi">Au. garhi</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#FFE4F1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.570em;height:9.430em;left:3.900em;width:9.100em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.5em;left:-1em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.715em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">H. erectus</a></span></b></i><br><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">H. antecessor</a>)</i><br><i>(<a href="Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">H. ergaster</a>)</i><br><i>(<a href="Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">Au. sediba</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#FFE4F1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:6.000em;height:2.500em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:1.000em;height:2.500em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1em;left:-0.2em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">H. heidelbergensis</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.000em;height:1.500em;left:3.900em;width:9.100em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:-0.7em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.750em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Anatomically_modern_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern human">Homo sapiens</a></span></b></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.000em;height:0.200em;left:1.300em;width:3.900em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.100em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.200em;height:1.050em;left:2.600em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.8em;left:2.6em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.525em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a></span></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.200em;height:0.370em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.185em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.200em;height:0.370em;left:2.600em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.4em;left:2.8em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.185em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovans</a></span></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:6.000em;height:8.500em;left:11.700em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"> </div></div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:10.860em;height:50em;pointer-events:none"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:50.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="Timeline_of_human_evolution#Hominidae" title="Timeline of human evolution">Earlier apes</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:45.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="Gorilla%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gorilla–human last common ancestor">Gorilla split</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:42.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">Chimpanzee split</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:35.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism" title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism">Earliest bipedal</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:29.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">Earliest sign of <i>Ardipithecus</i></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:22.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:17.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="Stone_Age#Beginning_of_the_Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Earliest stone tools</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:14.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="LD_350-1" title="LD 350-1">Earliest sign of<br> <i>Homo</i></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:10.600em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="Early_expansions_of_hominins_out_of_Africa" title="Early expansions of hominins out of Africa">Dispersal beyond Africa</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:8.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Earliest fire</a> / <a href="Cooking#History" title="Cooking">cooking</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:1.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.6em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="Rock_art#East_Asia" title="Rock art">Earliest rock art</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.625em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="Clothing#Origin_and_history" title="Clothing">Earliest clothes</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.250em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.4em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Modern humans</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto;font-size:100%;position:absolute;text-align:center;pointer-events:none;margin-top:21.000em"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;text-align:left;pointer-events:none;top:0.25em;left:-5em;width:7em"><div style="position:relative;width:auto;z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);vertical-align:middle;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; font-size:110%"><b><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="Hominidae" title="Hominidae">H o m i n i d s</a></span></b></span></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto;font-size:100%;position:absolute;text-align:center;pointer-events:none;margin-top:3.000em"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;text-align:left;pointer-events:none;top:3.25em;left:-5em;width:7em"><div style="position:relative;width:auto;z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);vertical-align:middle;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"><b><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">P a r a n t h r o p u s</a></span></span></b></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:26.000em"><div style="float:left;font-size:85%;">(<a href="Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">million years ago</a>)</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<meta property="mw:PageProp/toc">
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2></div>
<p>The first fossilized specimen of the species, although not recognized as such at the time, was a single fragment of <a href="Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a> (arm bone) found in <a href="Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> strata in the <a href="Kanapoi" title="Kanapoi">Kanapoi</a> region of West <a href="Lake_Turkana" title="Lake Turkana">Lake Turkana</a> by a <a href="Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> research team in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-The_new_hominid_species_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_new_hominid_species-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Bryan_Patterson" title="Bryan Patterson">Bryan Patterson</a> and <a href="William_W._Howells" title="William W. Howells">William W. Howells</a>'s initial paper on the bone was published in <i><a href="Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> in 1967; their initial analysis suggested an <i>Australopithecus</i> specimen and an age of 2.5 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patterson and colleagues subsequently revised their estimation of the specimen's age to 4.0–4.5 mya based on faunal correlation data.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_new_hominid_species_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_new_hominid_species-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 1994, London-born Kenyan <a href="Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">paleoanthropologist</a> <a href="Meave_Leakey" title="Meave Leakey">Meave Leakey</a> and archaeologist <a href="Alan_Walker_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Walker (academic)">Alan Walker</a> excavated the <a href="Allia_Bay" title="Allia Bay">Allia Bay</a> site and uncovered several additional fragments of the hominid, including one complete <a href="Human_lower_jaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Human lower jaw">lower jaw</a> bone which closely resembles that of a <a href="Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">common chimpanzee</a> <i>(Pan troglodytes)</i>, but whose teeth bear a greater resemblance to those of a <a href="Human" title="Human">human</a>. Based on the limited postcranial evidence available, <i>A. anamensis</i> appears to have been habitually bipedal, although it retained some primitive features of its upper limbs.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 1995, Meave Leakey and her associates, taking note of differences between <i><a href="Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">Australopithecus afarensis</a></i> and the new finds, assigned them to a new species, <i>A. anamensis</i>, deriving its name from the <a href="Turkana_language" title="Turkana language">Turkana</a> word <i>anam</i>, meaning "lake".<sup id="cite_ref-M._G._Leakey,_C._S._Feibel,_I._MacDougall_&_A._Walker_565–571_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M._G._Leakey,_C._S._Feibel,_I._MacDougall_&_A._Walker_565–571-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Although the excavation team did not find hips, feet or legs, Meave Leakey believes that <i>Australopithecus anamensis</i> often climbed trees. <a href="Tree_climbing" title="Tree climbing">Tree climbing</a> was one behavior retained by early <a href="Hominin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominin">hominins</a> until the appearance of the first <i><a href="Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i> species about 2.5 million years ago. <i>A. anamensis</i> shares many traits with <i>A. afarensis</i> and may well be its direct predecessor. Fossil records for <i>A. anamensis</i> have been dated to between 4.2 and 3.9 million years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-McHenry2009_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McHenry2009-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with findings in the 2000s from stratigraphic sequences dating to about 4.1–4.2 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-WhiteEtal2006nature04629_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhiteEtal2006nature04629-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specimens have been found between two layers of <a href="Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a>, dated to 4.17 and 4.12 million years, coincidentally when <i>A. afarensis</i> appears in the fossil record.<sup id="cite_ref-Leakey_et_al.,_1998_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leakey_et_al.,_1998-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The fossils (21 in total) include <a href="Maxilla" title="Maxilla">upper</a> and <a href="Mandible" title="Mandible">lower jaws</a>, <a href="Cranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranium">cranial</a> fragments, and the upper and lower parts of a leg bone (<a href="Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a>). In addition to this, the aforementioned fragment of <a href="Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a> found in 1965 at the same site at Kanapoi has now been assigned to this species.
</p>
<p>In 2006, a new <i>A. anamensis</i> find was officially announced, extending the range of <i>A. anamensis</i> into northeast Ethiopia. Specifically, one site known as Asa Issie provided 30 <i>A. anamensis</i> fossils.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward,_Manthi_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward,_Manthi-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These new fossils, sampled from a woodland context, include the largest hominid <a href="Canine_tooth" title="Canine tooth">canine tooth</a> yet recovered and the earliest <i>Australopithecus</i> <a href="Femur" title="Femur">femur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WhiteEtal2006nature04629_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhiteEtal2006nature04629-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The find was in an area known as <a href="Middle_Awash" title="Middle Awash">Middle Awash</a>, home to several other more modern <i>Australopithecus</i> finds and only six miles (9.7 kilometers) away from the discovery site of <i><a href="Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">Ardipithecus ramidus</a></i>, the most modern species of <i><a href="Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></i> yet discovered. <i>Ardipithecus</i> was a more primitive hominid, considered the next known step below <i>Australopithecus</i> on the <a href="Evolutionary_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary tree">evolutionary tree</a>. The <i>A. anamensis</i> find is dated to about 4.2 million years ago, the <i>Ar. ramidus</i> find to 4.4 million years ago, placing only 200,000 years between the two species and filling in yet another blank in the pre-<i>Australopithecus</i> hominid <a href="Timeline_of_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of evolution">evolutionary timeline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-New_fossil_links_up_human_evolution_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_fossil_links_up_human_evolution-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2010, journal articles were published by <a href="Yohannes_Haile-Selassie" title="Yohannes Haile-Selassie">Yohannes Haile-Selassie</a> and others describing the discovery of around 90 fossil specimens in the time period 3.6 to 3.8 million years ago (mya), in the Afar area of Ethiopia, filling in the time gap between <i>A. anamensis</i> and <i><a href="Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">Australopithecus afarensis</a></i> and showing a number of features of both. This supported the idea (proposed for instance by Kimbel et al. in 2006<sup id="cite_ref-Kimbel_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kimbel-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) that <i>A. anamensis</i> and <i>A. afarensis</i> were in fact one evolving species (i.e. a <a href="Chronospecies" title="Chronospecies">chronospecies</a> resulting from <a href="Anagenesis" title="Anagenesis">anagenesis</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Haile-Selassie2010c_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haile-Selassie2010c-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in August 2019, scientists from the same Haile-Selassie team announced the discovery of a nearly intact skull for the first time, and dated to 3.8 mya, of <i>A. anamensis</i> in Ethiopia. This discovery also indicated that an earlier forehead bone fossil from 3.9 mya was <i>A. afarensis</i> and therefore the two species over-lapped and could not be a chronospecies (noting that this does not prevent A. afarensis being descended from <i>A. anamensis</i>, but would be descended from only part of the <i>A. anamensis</i> population).<sup id="cite_ref-Nature573pp214-219_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature573pp214-219-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GZM-20190828_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GZM-20190828-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skull itself was found by Afar herder Ali Bereino in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-nationalgeographic.com_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalgeographic.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scientists (e.g. Alemseged, Kimbel, Ward, White) cautioned that one forehead bone fossil, which they viewed as not conclusively <i>A. afarensis</i>, should not be taken as disproving the possibility of anagenesis yet.<sup id="cite_ref-Price_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GZM-20190828_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GZM-20190828-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In August 2019, scientists announced the discovery of <a href="MRD-VP-1/1" title="MRD-VP-1/1">MRD-VP-1/1</a>, a nearly intact skull, for the first time, and dated to 3.8 million years ago, of <i>A. anamensis</i> in Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GZM-201908282_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GZM-201908282-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skull itself was found by Afar herder Ali Bereino in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-nationalgeographic.com_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalgeographic.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This skull is important in supplementing the evolutionary lineage of <a href="Hominini" title="Hominini">hominins</a>. The skull has a unique combination of derived and ancestral characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cranium was determined to be older than <i>A. afarensis</i> through analyzing that the cranial capacity is much smaller and the face is very <a href="Prognathism" title="Prognathism">prognathic</a>, both of which indicate that it is earlier than <i>A. afarensis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Known as the MRD cranium, it is that of a male who was at an "advanced developmental age" determined by the worn-down post-canine teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The teeth show mesiodistal elongation, which differs from <i>A. afarensis.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to other <a href="Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">australopiths</a>, however, it has a narrow upper face with no forehead and a large midface with broad <a href="Zygomatic_bone" title="Zygomatic bone">zygomatic</a> bones.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before this new discovery, <i>A anamensis</i> and <i>A afarensis</i> were widely thought to have evolved one right after the other in a single lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of MRD, though, suggests that <i>A. afarensis</i> did not result from anagenesis, but that the two hominin species lived side-by-side for at least 100,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2></div>
<p><i>Australopithecus anamensis</i> was found in Kenya, specifically at Allia Bay, East Turkana. Through analysis of stable isotope data, their environment is believed to have been more closed woodland canopies surrounding Lake Turkana than are present today. The greatest density of woodlands at Allia Bay was along the ancestral Omo River. More open savanna was thought to exist in the basin margins or uplands. Similarly at Allia Bay, the environment was suggested as much wetter. While not definitive, nut or seed-bearing trees could have been present at Allia Bay, but more research is needed.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diet">Diet</h2></div>
<p>Studies of the microwear on <i>A. anamensis</i> molar fossils show a pattern of long striations. This pattern is similar to the microwear on the molars of gorillas, suggesting that <i>A. anamensis</i> had a similar diet to that of the modern gorilla.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
The microwear patterns are consistent on all <i>A. anamensis</i> molar fossils regardless of location or time. This shows that their diet largely remained the same no matter what their environment.
</p><p>The earliest dietary isotope evidence in Turkana Basin hominin species comes from the <i>A. anamensis</i>. This evidence suggests that their diet consisted primarily of C3 resources, possibly with a small amount of C4-derived resources. Within the next 1.99- to 1.67-million-year period, at least two distinctive hominin taxa shifted to a higher level of C4-resource consumption. At this point, no cause for this shift in diet is known. This research does not by itself indicate a plant-based diet, because the isotopes can be ingested by eating animals and insects that fed on C3 and C4 resources.<sup id="cite_ref-pnas.org_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pnas.org-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><i>A. anamensis</i> hominins had thick, long, and narrow jaws with their side teeth arranged in parallel lines.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thicker tooth enamel of <i>A. anamensis</i> suggests that it consumed harder foods than the earlier <i>Ar. ramidus</i>, which may have been an omnivore similar to <a href="Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:023_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:023-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_to_other_hominin_species">Relation to other hominin species</h2></div>
<p><i>Australopithecus anamensis</i> is the intermediate species between <i>Ardipithecus ramidus</i> and <i>Australopithecus afarensis</i>, and has several shared traits with humans and other apes.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:023_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:023-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fossil studies of the wrist morphology of <i>A. anamensis</i> have suggested knuckle-walking, which is a derived trait shared with other African apes. The <i>A. anamensis</i> hand portrays robust phalanges and metacarpals, and long middle phalanges. These characteristics show that the <i>A. anamensis</i> likely engaged in arboreal living, but were largely bipedal, although not in an identical way to <i><a href="Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>All <i>Australopithecus</i> species were bipedal and small-brained, and had large teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>A. anamensis</i> is often confused with <i>Australopithecus afarensis</i> due to their similar bone structure and their habitation of woodland areas.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These similarities include thick tooth enamel, which is a shared derived trait of all <i>Australopithecus</i> species, and shared with most <a href="Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> hominoids.<sup id="cite_ref-:023_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:023-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tooth size variability in <i>A. anamensis</i> suggests that significant body size variation existed.<sup id="cite_ref-:023_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:023-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In relation to their diet, <i>A. anamensis</i> species has similarities with their predecessor <i><a href="Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">Ardipithecus ramidus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:023_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:023-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>A. anamensis</i> sometimes had much larger canines than later <i>Australopithecus</i> species.<sup id="cite_ref-:023_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:023-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>A. anamensis</i> and <i>A. afarensis</i> have similarities in their <a href="Humerus" title="Humerus">humeri</a> and the <a href="Tibia" title="Tibia">tibiae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:023_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:023-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They both have human-like features and matching sizes.<sup id="cite_ref-:023_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:023-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bodies of <i>A. anamensis</i> were found to be somewhat larger than those of <i>A. afarensis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:023_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:023-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on additional <i>A. afarensis</i> collections from the Hadar, Ethiopia, site, the <i>A. anamensis</i> radius is similar to that of <i>A. afarensis</i> in the <a href="Lunate_bone" title="Lunate bone">lunate</a> and <a href="Scaphoid_bone" title="Scaphoid bone">scaphoid</a> surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-:023_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:023-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional findings suggest that <i>A. anamensis</i> had long arms compared to modern humans.<sup id="cite_ref-:023_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:023-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h2></div>
<p>Based on fossil evidence, <i>A. anamensis</i> expresses high degrees of <a href="Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although considered to be the more primitive of the australopiths, <i>A. anamensis</i> had parts of the knee, tibia, and elbow that were different from apes, which indicates bipedalism as the species' form of locomotion.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, the tibia bone of <i>A. anamensis</i> has a more expansive upper end with bone.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In addition to the modified body parts that indicate bipedalism, <i>A. anamensis</i> fossils show evidence of tree climbing. Archeology finds indicate that <i>A. anamensis</i> had long forearms, as well as modified features of the wrist bone.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the forearms and finger bones of <i>A. anamensis</i> indicate a potential of using the upper limbs as support when operating in trees or on the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forearm bones belonging to <i>A. anamensis</i> have been found to be 265 to 277 mm in length.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The curved proximal hand phalanx of <i>A. anamensis</i> in the fossil record that contains strong ridges is indicative of its potential ability to climb.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Fossil evidence reveals that <i>A. anamensis</i> had a somewhat wide jaw joint that was flat from front to back, which resembles a curvature similar to those seen in great apes.<sup id="cite_ref-:34_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:34-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the ear canals of <i>A. anamensis</i> fossils are narrow in diameter. The ear canal most resembles that of chimpanzees and is contrasting to the wide ear canals of both later <i>Australopithecus</i> and <i>Homo.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:34_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:34-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The first lower premolar of <i>A. anamensis</i> is characterized by a singular large cusp. Additionally, <i>A. anamensis</i> has a narrow first milk molar that contains a large dominant cusp with minimum surface area, which may have been used for crushing.<sup id="cite_ref-:34_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:34-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_human_evolution_fossils" title="List of human evolution fossils">List of human evolution fossils</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchoeningerReeserHallin2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Margaret_Schoeninger" title="Margaret Schoeninger">Schoeninger, Margaret</a>; Reeser, Holly; Hallin, Kris (September 2003). "Paleoenvironment of <i>Australopithecus anamensis</i> at Allia Bay, East Turkana, Kenya: evidence from mammalian herbivore enamel stable isotopes". <i><a href="Journal_of_Anthropological_Archaeology" title="Journal of Anthropological Archaeology">Journal of Anthropological Archaeology</a></i>. <b>22</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">200–</span>207. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0278-4165%2803%2900034-5">10.1016/s0278-4165(03)00034-5</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUngarScottGrineTeaford2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Peter_S._Ungar" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter S. Ungar">Ungar, Peter S.</a>; <a href="Robert_S._Scott" title="Robert S. Scott">Scott, Robert S.</a>; <a href="Frederick_E._Grine" title="Frederick E. Grine">Grine, Frederick E.</a>; Teaford, Mark F. (20 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2981952">"Molar microwear textures and the diets of <i>Australopithecus anamensis</i> and <i>Australopithecus afarensis</i>"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>365</b> (1556): <span class="nowrap">3345–</span>3354. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2010.0033">10.1098/rstb.2010.0033</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2981952">2981952</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20855308">20855308</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:22-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/australopithecus-anamensis">"Australopithecus anamensis"</a>. <i>The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program</i>. 2010-02-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-10</span></span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRichmond2000" class="citation journal cs1">Richmond, Brian (23 March 2000). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/35006045">"Evidence that Humans Evolved from a Knuckle-walking Ancestor"</a></span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>404</b> (6776): <span class="nowrap">382–</span>385. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Natur.404..382R">2000Natur.404..382R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35006045">10.1038/35006045</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10746723">10746723</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4303978">4303978</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Australopithecus">"Australopithecus - Australopithecus afarensis and Au. garhi"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-10</span></span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:02-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWelker2017" class="citation journal cs1">Welker, Barbara Helm (2017-06-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://milnepublishing.geneseo.edu/the-history-of-our-tribe-hominini/chapter/australopithecus-anamensis/">"10. Australopithecus anamensis"</a>.</cite> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (help)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:13-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/australopithecus-anamensis">"Australopithecus anamensis"</a>. <i>The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-11</span></span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:23-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer2007" class="citation book cs1">Sawyer, G.J. (2007). <i>The Last Human: A Guide to Twenty-Two Species of Extinct Humans</i>. Yale University Press. p. 51. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-300-10047-1</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcHenryCoffing2000" class="citation journal cs1">McHenry, Henry M.; Coffing, Katherine (2000-10-21). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.anthro.29.1.125">"Australopithecus to Homo: Transformations in Body and Mind"</a></span>. <i>Annual Review of Anthropology</i>. <b>29</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">125–</span>146. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.29.1.125">10.1146/annurev.anthro.29.1.125</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0084-6570">0084-6570</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:34-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:34_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:34_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:34_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer2007" class="citation book cs1">Sawyer, G.J. (2007). <i>The Last Human: A Guide to Twenty-Two Species of Extinct Humans</i>. Yale University Press. p. 50. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-300-10047-1</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive">Human Timeline (Interactive)</a> – <a href="Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian</a>, <a href="National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a> (August 2016).</li></ul>
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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_evolution511" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Human_evolution511" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Human evolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="Human_taxonomy" title="Human taxonomy">Taxonomy</a><br>(<a href="Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">Last common ancestors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">Chimpanzee–human</a></li>
<li><a href="Gorilla%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gorilla–human last common ancestor">Gorilla–human</a></li>
<li><a href="Orangutan%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Orangutan–human last common ancestor">Orangutan–human</a></li>
<li><a href="Gibbon%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gibbon–human last common ancestor">Gibbon–human</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Australopithecine" title="Australopithecine">Australopithecines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Kenyanthropus" title="Kenyanthropus">Kenyanthropus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">A. kadabba</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">A. ramidus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">A. afarensis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">A. africanus</a></i></li>
<li><i></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Australopithecus_bahrelghazali" title="Australopithecus bahrelghazali">A. bahrelghazali</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Australopithecus_deyiremeda" title="Australopithecus deyiremeda">A. deyiremeda</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Australopithecus_garhi" title="Australopithecus garhi">A. garhi</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">A. sediba</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="Paranthropus_aethiopicus" title="Paranthropus aethiopicus">P. aethiopicus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Paranthropus_boisei" title="Paranthropus boisei">P. boisei</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Paranthropus_robustus" title="Paranthropus robustus">P. robustus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Homo" title="Homo">Humans and<br>proto-humans<br>(<i>Homo</i>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proto-humans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="Homo_gautengensis" title="Homo gautengensis">H. gautengensis</a></i> (?)</li>
<li><i><a href="Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">H. habilis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Homo_naledi" title="Homo naledi">H. naledi</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Homo_rudolfensis" title="Homo rudolfensis">H. rudolfensis</a></i> (?)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="Java_Man" title="Java Man">H. e. erectus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Dmanisi_hominins" title="Dmanisi hominins">H. e. georgicus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Lantian_Man" title="Lantian Man">H. e. lantianensis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Nanjing_Man" title="Nanjing Man">H. e. nankinensis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">H. e. pekinensis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Solo_Man" title="Solo Man">H. e. soloensis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Tautavel_Man" title="Tautavel Man">H. e. tautavelensis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Yuanmou_Man" title="Yuanmou Man">H. e. yuanmouensis</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Archaic_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic humans">Archaic humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">H. antecessor</a></i></li>
<li><a href="Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovans</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">H. ergaster</a></i> (?)</li>
<li><i><a href="Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">H. floresiensis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">H. heidelbergensis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Homo_longi" title="Homo longi">H. longi</a></i> (?)</li>
<li><i><a href="Homo_luzonensis" title="Homo luzonensis">H. luzonensis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">H. neanderthalensis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Homo_rhodesiensis" title="Homo rhodesiensis">H. rhodesiensis</a></i> (?)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Human" title="Human">Modern humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Homo_sapiens26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Early_modern_human" title="Early modern human"><i>H. s. sapiens</i> (archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)</a></li>
<li><a href="Jebel_Irhoud" title="Jebel Irhoud">Jebel Irhoud</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Herto_Man" title="Herto Man">H. s. idaltu</a></i></li>
<li><a href="Cro-Magnon" title="Cro-Magnon">Cro-Magnon</a></li>
<li><a href="Manot_1" title="Manot 1">Manot people</a></li>
<li><a href="Tam_Pa_Ling_Cave" title="Tam Pa Ling Cave">Tam Pa Ling</a></li>
<li><a href="Red_Deer_Cave_people" title="Red Deer Cave people">Red Deer Cave people</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Ancestors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></i> → <i><a href="Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">Homo ergaster</a></i> / <i><a href="Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> (→ <i><a href="Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">Homo antecessor</a></i>)<sup>?</sup> → <i><a href="Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i> → <i>archaic Homo sapiens</i> → <i><a href="Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></li>
<li><a href="Gathering_hypothesis" title="Gathering hypothesis">Gathering</a></li>
<li><a href="Endurance_running_hypothesis" title="Endurance running hypothesis">Endurance running</a></li>
<li><a href="Aquatic_ape_hypothesis" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Aquatic ape</a></li>
<li><a href="Sexual_selection_in_humans" title="Sexual selection in humans">Sexual selection</a></li>
<li><a href="Self-domestication#In_humans" title="Self-domestication">Self-domestication</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Diet
<ul><li><a href="Control_of_fire_by_early_humans#The_cooking_hypothesis" title="Control of fire by early humans">Cooking</a></li>
<li><a href="Expensive_tissue_hypothesis" title="Expensive tissue hypothesis">Expensive tissue</a></li>
<li><a href="Aquatic_ape_hypothesis#Diet" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Shore-based</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Drugs
<ul><li><a href="Drunken_monkey_hypothesis" title="Drunken monkey hypothesis">Drunken monkey</a></li>
<li><a href="Evolutionary_models_of_human_drug_use" title="Evolutionary models of human drug use">Evolutionary models of human drug use</a></li>
<li><a href="Stoned_ape_theory" title="Stoned ape theory">Stoned ape theory</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Behavior
<ul><li><a href="Killer_ape_theory" title="Killer ape theory">Killer ape</a></li>
<li><a href="Cooperative_eye_hypothesis" title="Cooperative eye hypothesis">Cooperative eye</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Life history
<ul><li><a href="Grandmother_hypothesis" title="Grandmother hypothesis">Grandmother</a></li>
<li><a href="Patriarch_hypothesis" title="Patriarch hypothesis">Patriarch</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Evolution_of_bipedalism_in_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of bipedalism in humans">Bipedalism</a></li>
<li><a href="Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism" title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism">Skeleton</a></li>
<li><a href="Muscular_evolution_in_humans" title="Muscular evolution in humans">Muscles</a></li>
<li><a href="Evolution_of_skin_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of skin color">Skin color</a></li>
<li><a href="Evolution_of_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of hair">Hair</a></li>
<li><a href="Cold_and_heat_adaptations_in_humans" title="Cold and heat adaptations in humans">Thermoregulation</a></li>
<li><a href="Origin_of_speech" title="Origin of speech">Speech</a></li>
<li><a href="Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Language</a></li>
<li><a href="Evolution_of_human_intelligence" title="Evolution of human intelligence">Intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="Sexual_division_of_labour#Hypotheses_for_the_evolutionary_origins_of_SDL" title="Sexual division of labour">Gender roles</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Origin_of_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of modern humans">Origin of modern humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Recent African origin</a></li>
<li><a href="Multiregional_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Multiregional origin of modern humans">Multiregional origin</a></li>
<li><a href="Interbreeding_between_archaic_and_modern_humans" title="Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans">Archaic admixture</a></li>
<li><a href="Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li>
<li><a href="Early_human_migrations" title="Early human migrations">Early migrations</a></li>
<li><a href="Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent evolution</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_human_evolution" title="Timeline of human evolution">Human evolution</a></li>
<li><a href="Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Human prehistory</a></li>
<li>Human timeline</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Theorists</li>
<li>Books</li>
<li><a href="List_of_human_evolution_fossils" title="List of human evolution fossils">Fossils</a></li>
<li><a href="Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Evolutionary anthropology</a>
<ul><li><a href="Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">Paleoanthropology</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Human_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Human evolutionary developmental biology">Human evolutionary developmental biology</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_evolution" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Human evolution">Commons</a></b></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <b><a href="Portal%3AEvolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology Portal</a></b></li></ul>
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<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers1391" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers1391" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Taxon identifiers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Australopithecus anamensis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310520" class="extiw external" title="wikidata:Q310520">Q310520</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_anamensis" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Australopithecus anamensis">Australopithecus anamensis</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/51587954">51587954</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4827685">4827685</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/127271">127271</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11335526">11335526</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=384433">384433</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=83057">83057</a></span></span></li></ul>
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